Benign tumors such as this lesion of the hand typically have cells with clear lacunar cytoplasms and small, dark, pinpoint nuclei. A tumor is a lump or mass of tissue that forms when cells divide uncontrollably. Benign bone tumors and cysts merck manuals professional edition. Benign bone lesions are a heterogeneous group of slowgrowing neoplasms that arise from cartilage or bone. Appropriate discrimination of benign versus malignant bone. The classification of bone tumors relies on the cytologic features and products of tumor cells.
Osteochondroma 45% osteoid osteoma 10% enchondroma 10% haemangioma 10% nonossifying fibroma 4% osteoblastoma. A growing tumor may replace healthy tissue with abnormal tissue. Giant cell tumors of bone most frequently occur around the knee joint in the lower end of the thighbone femur or the upper end of the shinbone tibia. This usually is between the ages 14 to 16 in girls and 16 to 19 in boys. Benign bone tumor prevalence of benign bone tumors.
Bone tumors clues and cues bone tumors clues and cues. Although it most often occurs in those between ages 10. Most are discovered in children, while their skeletons are still growing. The incidence of benign bone tumours is debated due to their often asymptomatic presentation and difficulty in detection. It most commonly affects people within the first four decades of life with a larger probability of it occurring in the second and third decades. Mri also may reveal fluidfluid levels typical of a secondary aneurysmal bone cyst, which occurs in 20% of patients microscopically, giant cell tumors are composed of many multinucleated giant cells typically 40 to 60 nuclei per cell in a sea of mononuclear stromal cells. Differentiating between benign and malignant bone tumors. Pdf treatment of the benign bone tumors including femoral. Primary bone tumors are those that originate in the bone.
Mri also may reveal fluidfluid levels typical of a secondary aneurysmal bone cyst, which occurs in 20% of patients microscopically, giant cell tumors are composed of many multinucleated. Tumors of the long bone may be benign or malignant. Based on the lodwick classification an overview of the three main types of bone destruction patterns visible on radiographs will be given with many. These include the thighbone femur, shinbone tibia, upper arm bone humerus and pelvis. The who classification of bone tumors springerlink. Benign bone tumors while cancer can form in the bones, the majority of tumors that develop there are benign noncancerous.
Many benign tumors stop growing once a childs bones do. Bone tumor free download as powerpoint presentation. By alina maria sisu, loredana gabriela stana, codruta ileana. Benign tumors are selfcontained, nonlethal, and grow more slowly than malignant. Enchondroma, osteochondroma, nonossifying fibroma, chondroblastoma, osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma, periosteal chondroma, giant cell tumor, and chondromyxoid fibroma. They appear on xray as localized lesions with sharp margins, and without.
Bone cancers that start in another part of the body such as the breast, lungs, or colon are called secondary or metastatic bone tumors. Among the jst patients, giant cell tumor, osteochondroma. Cancers that start in the bones are called primary bone tumors. Giant cell tumor of bone is very rarely seen in children or in adults older than 65 years of age. Osteochondromas are the most common noncancerous benign bone tumors. These tumors are often strongly affected by the hormones that cause growth. While they almost never pose a threat to a patients life, do. Benign bone tumors and tumorlike bone lesions occur most frequently between the ages of five to 25 years and in the areas of greatest bone growth, with about 60% of cases. Most bone tumors are benign, which means they arent cancer and dont spread to other areas of your body. Osteosarcoma is the most common type of cancer that originates in the bone.
Any skip lesions, regional lymph nodes, or distant metastases. Benign bone tumors knowledge for medical students and. But they may still weaken your bones and lead to broken. Most bone tumors are benign, and unlikely to spread. They appear on xray as localized lesions with sharp margins, and without soft tissue involvement. Your doctor will check for these signs and for how much of the bone is affected by the tumor.
Discussion benign tumor staging uses arabic numbers 1,2,3. Most primary bone tumors are seen in patients in patients 30 years we must always include metastases and myeloma in the differential diagnosis. They occur most often in young people between the ages of 10 and 20. Your doctor may find a tumor when looking at an xray of another problem. It may weaken the bone, causing it to break fracture. Management of benign bone tumours orthopaedics and trauma. According to the american academy of orthopaedic surgeons aaos, the most common type of benign bone. The most common site where malignant bone tumors spread is the lungs. A bone tumor may be found during an xray for another problem, such as an injured ankle. Pdf several recent significant advances have been made in the evaluation and treatment for bone lesions in children. Benign bone tumours bone chemotherapy free 30day trial. Because most of the tumor is the cartilage cap, the xray.
Most benign giant cell tumors of bone are treated by radical curettage and packing with methyl methacrylate or by bone graft. There are approximately 5,000 to 6,000 new malignant bone tumors each year in the united states. Tumors in the arms or legs sometimes the entire limb needs to be removed in order to do a good wideexcision and remove all of the cancer. A periosteal reaction is a nonspecific reaction and will occur whenever the periosteum is irritated by a malignant tumor, benign tumor, infection or trauma. Benign tumours of the bone consist of a wide variety of different neoplasms. Most bone tumors are benign, although the true incidence of benign bone tumors is unknown because most are asymptomatic and are usually discovered as an incidental lesion. A growing bone tumoreven a benign tumordestroys healthy tissue and weakens bone, making it more vulnerable to fracture. Because most of the tumor is the cartilage cap, the xray opacity is smaller than the mass feels clinically. There are several types of benign tumours that can be classified by the type of matrix that the tumour cells produce.
Aggressive tumors can lead to disability or death, particularly if signs and symptoms are ignored. Surgical removal or curettage may be required to manage pain andor prevent pathological fractures. See nonmalignant bone lesions in children and adolescents. About us introductory course case studies unknoun slides. The incidence of benign bone tumours is debated due to their often asymptomatic presentation and difficulty in detection 1. Nonodontogenic tumours of the jaw originating from bone and its mesenchymal tissue represent a large heterogeneous group of diverse diseases.
Study 43 terms benign bone tumors flashcards quizlet. Tumors are abnormal masses of tissue created by uncontrolled cell division. It occurs often, as a rule, in children and young people. Secondary tumors of bone mechanism of transport paravertebral venous plexuses retrograde access of tumor cells to bone bypass of portocaval venous drainage primary neoplasms of bone definition. Tumors differ in localization and type of affected tissue. There is still a lack of evidence to determine the best method for treating simple bone cysts in long bones 2. But they may still weaken your bones and lead to broken bones or. Important factors in diagnosis of a bone tumor include patient age and gender. The 4 most commonly diagnosed types in mc patients were osteochondroma, giant cell tumor.
Among the most common benign tumors involving bone are endochondroma, osteochondroma, nonossifying fibroma, chondroblastoma, osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma, periosteal chondroma, giant cell tumor, and chondromyxoid fibroma. It most commonly affects people within the first four decades of life. Benign bone tumors occur most often in children whose skeletons are still growing and people up to age 30. Aneurysmal bone cyst abc chondroblastoma enchondroma enchondromatosis eosinophilic granuloma fibrous dysplasia hemangioma nonossifying fibroma osteoblastoma osteochondroma osteoid osteoma ossifying fibroma periosteal chondroma. These tumours vary in terms of incidence, clinical presentation and require a diverse array of therapeutic options. Dec 08, 2015 benign bone tumors and tumorlike bone lesions occur most frequently between the ages of five to 25 years and in the areas of greatest bone growth, with about 60% of cases in the knee region. Fortunately, the majority of tumors that originate in the bones are benign, meaning that the tumor is very unlikely to spread from its original site to a new location. Abnormal growths found in the bone can be either benign noncancerous or malignant cancerous average fiveyear survival in the united states after being diagnosed with bone and joint cancer is 67%. Sarcomas start in bone, muscle, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, fat tissue, as well as some other tissues. Some primary bone tumors are difficult to classify as benign or malignant. Aneurysmal bone cysts abcs are fairly rare benign cystic lesions, accounting for approximately 9. While they almost never pose a threat to a patients life, do not spread, and usually do not destroy healthy bone tissue, they can still grow and compress their surroundings, which can cause problems and may require.
Among primary malignant neoplasms, osteosarcoma and multiple myeloma have the. They can occur in any bone, but they usually are found in the biggest ones. Osteochondroma 45% osteoid osteoma 10% enchondroma 10% haemangioma 10% nonossifying fibroma 4% osteoblastoma 2% chondroblastoma 2% chrondromyxoid fibroma 2% clinical feature. A stepbystep diagnostic algorithm of bone tumors and. Giant cell tumors occur in approximately one person per million per year. Range form static lesions to locally aggressive lesions may be diagnosed on plain radiographs. Primary bone tumors are very rare and account for less than 1% of all cancers. Usually no symptoms are observed except spontaneous fracture of the affected bone. Osteoblastoma is a rare, benign bone tumour accounting for 14% of bone tumours. Pdf global incidence of primary malignant bone tumors. Tumors of the hands and feet are benign in the great majority of cases, while those of the axial skeleton spine, pelvis, sternum, rib, scapula tend to be malignant. Tumors and tumorlike lesions of bone is aimed at general and specialised surgical pathologists, radiologists, orthopedic surgeons, and oncologists, in practice and in training. To reduce recurrence rate, surgeons often prefer using an adjuvant such as thermal heat provided by the hardening of methyl methacrylate or treating the tumors chemically with phenol or freezing with liquid nitrogen. Range form static lesions to locally aggressive lesions may be diagnosed on plain radiographs asymptomatic incidental finding symptomatic pain swelling deformity pathological fracture 3.
Mar 02, 2015 benign tumours of the bone consist of a wide variety of different neoplasms. Much of the data regarding the inci dence of benign bone tumors is based on material from series of biopsied or treated lesions. To reduce recurrence rate, surgeons often prefer using an. Secondary tumors of bone mechanism of transport paravertebral venous plexuses retrograde access of tumor cells to bone bypass of portocaval venous drainage primary neoplasms of. Given these challenges, these authors discuss the pros and cons of different imaging modalities, and offer key insights on a variety of bone lesions ranging from osteosarcomas and fibrosarcomas to osteoblastomas and unicameral bone cysts.
A bone tumor is a neoplastic growth of tissue in bone. This classification is reproducible and accepted by pathologists, oncologic surgeons and. Overview bone tumors are very diverse in morphology and biological potential can be no big deal or rapidly fatal most bone tumors are benign lesions most benign lesions are seen bone tumors are benign, although the true incidence of benign bone tumors is unknown because most are asymptomatic and are usually discovered as an incidental lesion. The global incidence of primary malignant bone tumors shows a speci. Both the management of individual patients and the comparison between groups of bone tumor cases can be seriously complicated by uncertainty with regard to the definition of. Proximal diaand metaphysis of long bones, growth in the direction of the diaphysis 1. Feb 03, 2020 a bone tumor may be found during an xray for another problem, such as an injured ankle. According to the american academy of orthopaedic surgeons aaos, the most common type of benign bone tumor is an osteochondroma. Contrary to what most people expect, benign bone tumors occur most often in people less than 30 years old. Nevertheless some of the benign tumours are capable of distant metastasis e. Although any bone can be involved, osteoblastoma arises predominantly in the axial skeleton with spinal lesions constituting onethird of reported cases. Any information contained in this pdf file is automatically generated from digital material.
Lower extremity bone lesions can have an intricate presentation as well as overlapping characteristics shared by benign and malignant bone tumors. As a rough estimate, they may occur more than 100 times more often than primary malignant tumors of bone. For example, giant cell tumor of bone is very aggressive locally but only rarely metastasizes. These are malignant tumors, which means theyre cancer. Benign bone tumors unicameral simple, solitary, or juvenile bone cyst ubc location. They are by far more common than primary bone tumors and are characterized by the following. A benign bone tumor may create holes in your bone, or it may make extra bone grow. Tumors resulting from contiguous spread of adjacent soft tissue neoplasms tumors representing malignant transformation of the preexisting benign lesions. Metastatic cancers are the most frequent malignant tumors found in bone. Bone tumors may be classified as primary tumors, which originate in bone or from bonederived cells and tissues, and secondary tumors which originate in other sites and spread.
Bone tumors can affect any bone in the body and develop in any part of the bonefrom the surface to the center of the bone, called the bone marrow. Typical examples of benign and malignant bone tumors will be demonstrated, the various imaging modalities will be pictorial essay. These include the thighbone femur, shinbone tibia, upper arm. Based on the lodwick classification an overview of the three main types of bone destruction patterns visible on radiographs will be given with many examples. Some types are more common in specific places such as the spine or near the growth plates of the largest bones. Benign bone tumours are rare, occurring most commonly in skeletally immature. The benign type is seen in benign lesions such as benign tumors and following trauma. Fibrous, fibroosseous, and fibrohistiocytic lesions fibrous cortical defect and nonossifying fibroma. True or primary bone tumors start in the bone itself and are called sarcomas. Benign and malignant bone tumors uconn musculoskeletal. Treatment of the benign bone tumors including femoral neck lesion using compression hip screw and synthetic bone graft. Your doctor may find a tumor when looking at an xray of another problem, such as a sprain. Bone tumors pdf bone tumors represent a unique group of pathologic conditions for which little. For this reason, they can cause osteoarticular deformities, fractures, limb length discrepancies, gait disturbances, sometimes with disabling sequelae.